[88][89], The neo-Nazi Russian National Unity group's branch in Estonia is officially registered under the name "Kolovrat" and published an extremist newspaper in 2001 under the same name. 22.10.2020, 06:20 Uhr, Staffel 1, Folge 5 | Do. Weltkrieg? [140][141] Various other Latvian Army units and the Latvian War College[142] (the predecessor of the National Defence Academy) also had adopted the symbol in their battle flags and insignia during the Latvian War of Independence. "10,000-character"). The swastika was also used by the Finnish Air Force until 1945, and is still used on air force flags. [5][6] The swastika continues to be used as a symbol of good luck and prosperity in Hindu and Buddhist countries such as Nepal, India, Mongolia, China and Japan. [citation needed] The swastika marks the beginning of many Buddhist scriptures. [citation needed]. It was used by the Nazi Party to symbolize German nationalistic pride. [161], Because of its use by Nazi Germany, the swastika since the 1930s has been largely associated with Nazism. [8] The counterclockwise sauvastika is less used; it connotes the night, and in tantric traditions it is an icon for the goddess Kali, the terrifying form of Devi Durga. In Buddhism, the swastika is considered to symbolize the auspicious footprints of the Buddha. The Nazis thus co-opted the sign as a symbol of the Aryan master race, although the use of the swastika as an Aryan symbol dates back to the late-19th century writings of Émile-Louis Burnouf. In Bhutan, swastika motif is found in its architecture, fabric and religious ceremonies. Since the end of the 20th century, and through the early 21st century, confusion and controversy has occurred when consumer goods bearing the traditional Jain, Buddhist, or Hindu symbols have been exported to the West, notably to North America and Europe, and have been interpreted by consumers as bearing a Nazi symbol. Before the Nazis, the swastika was already in use as a symbol of German völkisch nationalist movements (Völkische Bewegung). [45], According to the scholar Reza Assasi, the swastika represents the north ecliptic north pole centred in ζ Draconis, with the constellation Draco as one of its beams. The investigators put forth the theory that the swastika moved westward from India to Finland, Scandinavia, the Scottish Highlands and other parts of Europe. Steven Heller, "The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption?" ", "Planted in 1933 this mysterious forest swastika remained unnoticed until 1992 – it was then quickly cut down", "Battle of Britain hero's medals to go under the hammer", "Stuttgart Seeks to Ban Anti-Fascist Symbols", "Bundesgerichtshof press statement No. Also a design by Gallen-Kallela from 1918, the Cross of Liberty has a swastika pattern in its arms. The Danish brewery company Carlsberg Group used the swastika as a logo[123] from the 19th century until the middle of the 1930s when it was discontinued because of association with the Nazi Party in neighbouring Germany. [citation needed]. Hier findest du alle Sendungen des Senders VOX. [citation needed], An object very much like a hammer or a double axe is depicted among the magical symbols on the drums of Sami shamans, used in their religious ceremonies before Christianity was established. Reverence for the swastika symbol in Asian cultures, in contrast to the West's stigmatization of the symbol, has led to misinterpretations and misunderstandings.[4][18]. Lara Nagy, Jane Vadnal, "Glossary Medieval Art and Architecture", Concise Armenian Encyclopedia, Yerevan, v. II, p. 663, Adney, Edwin Tappan and Chapelle, Howard I. The Benedictine choir school at Lambach Abbey, Upper Austria, which Hitler attended for several months as a boy, had a swastika chiseled into the monastery portal and also the wall above the spring grotto in the courtyard by 1868. The word swastika is derived from the Sanskrit swasti, which is composed of: The word swastika has been used in the Indian subcontinent since 500 BCE. [186], In 2010 the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) downgraded the swastika from its status as a Jewish hate symbol, saying "We know that the swastika has, for some, lost its meaning as the primary symbol of Nazism and instead become a more generalized symbol of hate". The name gammadion comes from its being seen as being made up of four Greek gamma (Γ) letters. [76], Swastika-like symbols were in use in China already in Neolithic scripts. A swastika border is one form of meander, and the individual swastikas in such a border are sometimes called Greek keys. "[155], The swastika was also understood as "the symbol of the creating, effecting life" (das Symbol des schaffenden, wirkenden Lebens) and as "race emblem of Germanism" (Rasseabzeichen des Germanentums). According to the protocol, the president shall wear the Grand Cross of the White Rose with collar on formal occasions. The right-facing swastika is often referred to as the gyaku manji (逆卍, lit. Schrecken und Entbehrungen, Angst und Hilflosigkeit, Hunger und Kälte, aber auch Freude, Hoffnung und Glück. [46], According to the Russian archaeologist Gennady Zdanovich, who studied some of the oldest examples of the symbol in Sintashta culture, the swastika symbolizes the universe, representing the spinning constellations of the celestial north pole centred in α Ursae Minoris, specifically the Little and Big Dipper (or Chariots), or Ursa Minor and Ursa Major.
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