Aubert, Roger "Pius IX Among other things, Jews in the Papal State were again restricted in their movement, with the pontifical government stipulating that the Israelites should not be permitted to leave their usual residence without a permit from the Holy Office. At the death of Gregory XVI, Mastai, a cardinal since 1840, became the preferred candidate of those conservatives who thought it necessary to make some concession to aspirations for a modernization of the administration of the pontifical state. Thereafter, obsessed by what he called the "revolution," he identified himself increasingly with the conservative governments whose support seemed to provide the most effective guarantee for the maintenance and ultimate restoration of the Roman state. The Roman Question: Extracts from the Despatches of Odo Russell from Rome, 1858–1870.
The guard was created, a constitution was drafted for the Papal States, and talks were opened with the other Italian princes for the formation of a political league that transcended the tariff league the pope had originally intended.
Pope Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Feretti, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 256th Pope, from 1846 until his death. Then, after French troops restored order in his territory, Pius returned to Rome, by this point an avowed foe of liberalism and reform. Stock, Leo Francis, ed. Michael Ott, “Pope Pius IX,” in The Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 12 (New York: Appleton, 1911). Pius IX had an impact on the diplomatic as well as the religious issues of the day, influencing the policies of the emperors Francis Joseph of Austria and Napoleon III of France, and of the German Empire under the chancellor Otto von Bismarck, and was especially embroiled in the affairs of the Italian peninsula. Consular Relations between the United States and the Papal States: Instructions and Despatches.
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Roman Catholic Pope. His proclamation of the Immaculate Conception (8 December 1854) provided encouragement to the strong Marian movement in the nineteenth century, and the development of Marian devotion in the twentieth. Furthermore, his opposition did not prevent Italian unification, and was seen to place the church on a collision course with the modern world. The Roman uprisings of 1848–1849, crushed with the help of a French expeditionary force, left Pius IX more convinced than ever that there was an inherent connection between the principles of the French Revolution (1789) and the destruction of traditional social, moral, and religious values. United States Ministers to the Papal States: Instructions and Despatches, 1848–1868.
Atti del sommo pontefice Pio IX, felicemente regnante: Parte seconda che comprende I motu proprii, chirografi editti, notificazioni, ec. While presiding over these specific liberal changes in his own territories, Pius IX lent encouragement to Italian nationalism. Blessed Pope Pius IX (13 May 1792, Senigallia - 7 February 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was the longest-reigning elected Pope in the history of the Catholic Church, serving from 16 June 1846 until his death, a period of nearly 32 years. "Pius IX
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